In addition to her work treating patients, Dr. Shapiro frequently consults with other health care providers, attorneys, schools/colleges/universities, and social services departments, providing expert analysis and assessment in a broad range of contexts using scientifically validated methodologies. These evaluations are typically sought for use in civil and criminal litigation, disability matters, “fitness-for-duty” determinations, and eligibility for workplace and educational accommodations. Dr. Shapiro brings her specialized training and experience to evaluate the brain-behavior relationships in matters where memory, perception, intelligence, emotion, motor skills, personality, executive functioning, academic achievement, or effort are at issue in legal, educational, or employment matters. Often this involves providing an expert opinion on whether a given condition or disorder does or does not exist in a particular individual and whether that dysfunction results from a particular event.  Typically, this involves determining whether the behavior in question is the result of a neurological condition, a psychiatric disorder, traumatic injury, or is even just factitious (e.g., malingering).